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Distinction between normal and abnormal: Different views about abnormality Notes - ppup part 2 psychology subsidiary ug study material download pdf

October 29, 2024 0
[ Distinction between normal and abnormal: Different views about abnormality Notes -  ppup part 2 psychology subsidiary ug study material download pdf ]


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Table of contents - Definition and characteristic of Normal Behaviour Definition and characteristic of Abnormal Behaviour Difference between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour are as follows: Different views about abnormality Super natural Model (Demonology, Gods, and Magic) Biological Model (Somatogenic) / Hippocrates, Early Medical Concept Later Greek and Roman Thought Views of abnormality during the middle ages Toward humanitarian approaches The Establishment of Early Asylums and Shrines Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders Changing Attitudes toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century The beginning of the modern era (Psychological Model (Psychogenic)) Brain Pathology as a Causal Factor The Beginnings of a Classification System Establishing the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder -

Definition and characteristic of Normal Behaviour Normality is a patterns of behavior or personality traits that are typical and acceptable ways of behaving and being . Mental health is defined as the successful performance of mental function in terms of thought, mood , and behavior that result in productive activities , fulfilling relationship with others and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity . So normality is characteristic trait that a normal human being have and that indicates emotional well-being. So the characteristics of normality are : - 1 - Appropriate perception of reality : - normal human beings are fairly realistic in judging their

reactions and capabilities and in understanding what is going on in the world around them. They do not consistently misperceive what others say and do and they do not consistently overrate their abilities and tackle more than they can accomplish, nor do they underestimate their abilities and shy away from their difficult tasks . 2. Ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior : normal human beings feel fairly confident about their ability to control their behavior , occasionally they may act impulsively , but they are able to restrain their sexual and aggressive urges when necessary, they may fail to follow the social norms but in such cases their decisions are voluntary rather than the result of uncontrolled impulses . 3. Self – esteem and acceptance : well – adjusted people have some appreciation of their own worth

and feel accepted by those around them , they are comfortable with other people and are able to react spontaneously in social situation , at the time , they do not feel obligated to subjugate their opinions to those of the group . Feeling of worthlessness , alienation, and lack of acceptance are prevalent among individuals who are diagnosed as abnormal . 4. Ability to form affectionate relationships : - normal individual are able to form close and satisfying relationships with other people. They are sensitive to the feelings of others and do not make excessive demands on others to gratify their own needs . Often the mentally disturbed people are so concerned with protecting their own security that they become extremely self- centered , preoccupied with their own

feelings and strivings , they seek affection but are unable to reciprocate . 5. Productivity : Well-adjusted people are able to change their abilities into productive activity, they are enthusiastic about life and do not need to drive themselves to meet the demands of the day . Chronic lack of energy and excessive susceptibility to fatigue are often symptoms of psychological tension resulting from unresolved problems. Definition and characteristic of Abnormal Behaviour The unusual behaviour of many persons which do not fit into our common forms of behaviour is known as abnormal behaviour. It is expected, for example, that a normal human being would react to a snake by immediately moving back from it. But if the person on the other hand, plays with the snake very happily, it is

a sign of uncommon behaviour which may be considered as abnormal provided that past experience or training does not play a part here. The characteristics of Abnormality are : - 1. Deviation from cultural norm : - Every culture has certain standards or norms , for acceptable behavior , and behavior that deviates from those norms is considered abnormal. Another problem is that the concept of abnormality changes over time within the same society, more than forty years ago, most Americans have considered men wearing earring as abnormal, today such behaviors tend to be viewed as difference in the lifestyle rater than as signs of abnormality.

Thus, Ideas of normality and abnormality differ from one society to another and over time within the same society . 2. Deviation from statistical norms : - The word abnormal means away from the norm. many characteristics such as height, weight and intelligence cover a range of values when measured over the entire population ,most people for example , fall within the middle range of height and a few are abnormally tall or abnormally short, one definition of abnormality therefore is based on deviation from statistical norms, abnormal behavior is statistically infrequent or deviant from the norm, but according to this definition, a person who is extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as abnormal, thus in defining abnormal behavior , we must consider more than statistical frequency .

3. Maladaptiveness : - Many social scientists believe that the most important principle is how the behavior affects the well- being of the individual or the social group. so behavior is abnormal if it is maladaptive - that is, it has adverse effects on the individual or on the society . some kinds of deviant behavior interfere with the welfare of individual : - a - A man who is so fearful of crowds that he cannot ride a bus to work . b - Alcoholics who drink so heavily that they cannot hold a job . c - a woman who attempts suicide . Other forms of deviant behavior are harmful to society : - a – An adolescent who has aggressive outbursts .

b – A paranoid individual who plot to assassinate a national leaders . so according to this criterion all these behavior would be considered abnormal . 4 – Personal distress : - A forth criterion considers abnormality in term of the individual subjective feeling of distress - their feeling of anxiety, depression or agitation or experiences such as insomnia, loss of appetite, or numerous aches and pains, Most people who are diagnosed with mental disorder feel miserable. Sometimes personal distress may be the only symptom of abnormality and the individual's behavior may appear normal to the casual observer .

In most instances, all four criteria - Social deviation, statistical frequency, Maladaptiveness of behavior and personal distress – are considered in diagnosing abnormality. Difference between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour are as follows:

Difference between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour are as follows: | ppup part 2 psychology subsidiary ug study material download pdf

Difference between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour are as follows: | ppup part 2 psychology subsidiary ug study material download pdf

Difference between Normal and Abnormal Behaviour are as follows: | ppup part 2 psychology subsidiary ug study material download pdf

Different views about abnormality Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are "abnormal" or "atypical" compared to the members of a given society. Abnormal Psychology is one of the most important and popular sub-field of Applied Psychology. Abnormal Psychology has a fascinating history and so many people have tried to explain and control abnormal behavior for thousands of years. As the results, historically there have been three main models and five main Eras to Abnormal Behavior. There are, Models: 1. Super natural Model 2. Biological Model (Somatogenic) 3. Psychological Model (Psychogenic)

Super natural Model (Demonology, Gods, and Magic) References to abnormal behavior in early writings show that the Ancient Chinese, Ancient Egyptians, Ancient Hebrews, and Ancient Greeks often attributed such behavior to a demon, Spirits or god who had taken possession of a person. The decision as to whether the “possession” involved good spirits or evil spirits usually depended on an individual’s symptoms. If a person’s speech or behavior appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, it was usually thought that he or she was possessed by a good spirit or god. Such people were often treated with considerable awe and respect, for it was thought that they had supernatural powers. Most possessions, however, were considered to be the work of an angry god or an evil spirit, particularly when a person became excited or overactive and engaged in behavior contrary to religious teachings.

Biological Model (Somatogenic) / Hippocrates, Early Medical Concept Hippocrates denied that gods and demons intervened in the development of illnesses and insisted that mental disorders had natural causes and required treatments like other diseases. He believed that the brain was the central organ of intellectual activity and that mental disorders were due to brain pathology. He also emphasized the importance of heredity and predisposition and pointed out that injuries to the head could cause sensory and motor disorders. Hippocrates classified all mental disorder into three general categories-mania, melancholia,

and phrenitis (brain fever) – and gave detailed clinical descriptions of the specific disorders included in each category. For the treatment of melancholia, for example, he prescribed a regular and tranquil life, sobriety and abstinence from all excesses, a vegetable diet, celibacy, exercise short of and bleeding if indicated. Later Greek and Roman Thought Hippocrates’ work was continued by some of the later Greek and Roman physicians. Pleasant surroundings were considered of great therapeutic value for mental patients, who were provided with constant activities, including parties, dances, walks in the temple gardens, rowing along the Nile, and musical concerts.

Later Greek and Roman Thought Hippocrates’ work was continued by some of the later Greek and Roman physicians. Pleasant surroundings were considered of great therapeutic value for mental patients, who were provided with constant activities, including parties, dances, walks in the temple gardens, rowing along the Nile, and musical concerts. One of the most influential Greek physicians was Galen (A.D 130-200), who practiced in Rome. He made a new theory as “the humoral theory of abnormal behavior” it was based Hippocrates believes and after that Galan also believed abnormal behaviors are based on these four humor. Views of abnormality during the middle ages During the Middle Ages, the more scientific aspects of Greek medicine survived in the Islamic Countries of the Middle East. The first mental hospital was established in Baghdad in A. D 792; it was soon followed by others in Damascus and Aleppo (Polvan, 1969). In these hospitals, the mentally disturbed individuals received humane treatment. The outstanding figure in Islamic medicine was Avicenna from A

figure in Islamic medicine was Avicenna from Arabia (c. 980-1037), called the “prince of physicians” (Campbell, 1926) and author of The Canon of Medicine, perhaps the most widely studied medical work ever written. In his writings, Avicenna frequently referred to hysteria, epilepsy, manic reactions, and melancholia. During the Middle Ages in Europe (c. 500- 1500), scientific inquiry into abnormal behavior was limited, and the treatment of psychologically disturbed individuals was more often characterized by ritual or superstition than by attempts to understand an individual’s condition.

Toward humanitarian approaches During the latter part of the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, scientific questioning Re-emerged and a movement emphasizing the importance of specifically human interests and concerns began-a movement (still with us today) that can be loosely referred to as humanism. The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe Paracelsus, a Swiss physician (1490-1541), was an early critic of superstitious beliefs about possession. He insisted that the dancing mania was not a possession but a form of disease, and that it should be treated as such. Although Paracelsus rejected demonology, his view of abnormal Behavior was colored by his belief in astral influence (lunatic is derived from the Latin

word Luna or “moon”). He was convinced that the moon exercised a supernatural influence over the brain an idea, incidentally, that persists among some people today. The Establishment of Early Asylums and Shrines From the sixteenth century on, special institutions called asylums, meant solely for the care of the mentally ill grew in number. Although the scientific inquiry into understanding abnormal behavior was on the increase, most early asylums, often referred to as madhouses, were not pleasant places or storage places for the insane. These early asylums were primarily modifications of penal institutions, and the inmates were

treated more like beasts than like human beings. Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders In the early part of the nineteenth century, mental hospitals were controlled essentially by lay persons because of the prominence of moral management in the treatment of “lunatics.” Medical professionals-or alienists, as psychiatrists were called at this time in reference to treating the “alienated”, or insane-had a relatively inconsequential role in the care of the insane and management of the asylums of the day. Changing Attitudes toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century In America, the pioneering work of Dix was followed by that of Clifford Beers (1876-1943), whose book A Mind That Found Itself was published in 1908.

The beginning of the modern era (Psychological Model (Psychogenic)) Brain Pathology as a Causal Factor With the emergence of modern experimental science in the early part of the eighteenth century, knowledge of anatomy, physiology, neurology, chemistry, and general medicine increased rapidly. These advances led to the gradual identification of the biological, or organic, pathology underlying many physical ailments Scientists began to focus on diseased body organs as the cause of physical ailments. The Beginnings of a Classification System Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) played a dominant role in the early development of the biological viewpoint.

The most important of these contributions was his system of classification of mental disorders, which became the forerunner of today’s DSM-V. Establishing the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Despite the emphasis on biological research, understanding of the psychological factors in mental disorders was progressing, too, with the first major steps being taken by Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939), generally acknowledged as the most frequently cited psychological theorist of the twentieth century. The Beginnings of psychoanalysis the first systematic attempt to answer this question was made by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud directed his patients to talk freely about their problems while under hypnosis. The patients usually displayed considerable emotion, and on awakening

from their hypnotic states felt a significant emotional release, which was called a catharsis. This simple innovation in the use of hypnosis proved to be great significance. The Early Psychological Laboratories In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Lightner Witmer (1867-1956), combined research with application and established the first American psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania.

from their hypnotic states felt a significant emotional release, which was called a catharsis. This simple innovation in the use of hypnosis proved to be great significance. The Early Psychological Laboratories In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig. Lightner Witmer (1867-1956), combined research with application and established the first American psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania.

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