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Write note on the Theories regarding sources of Knowledge - Rational Empiricism, Criticism - PPUP part 2 philosophy subsidiary ug study material pdf Download

October 28, 2024 0
[ Write note on the Theories regarding sources of Knowledge - Rational Empiricism, Criticism - PPUP part 2 philosophy subsidiary ug study material pdf Download ]

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Introduction to Write note on the Theories regarding sources of Knowledge - Rational Empiricism, Criticism - PPUP part 2 philosophy subsidiary ug study material pdf Download 


Table of contents - Introduction 1 RATIONALISM 2 EMPIRICISM 4 CRITICISM 6 Introduction In modern western philosophy, there are three theories related to source of knowledge: 1. Rationalism 2. Empiricism 3. Criticism

RATIONALISM  Rationalism refers that theory of knowledge which says reason (intellect) is the only valid source of knowledge.  Rationalism is associated with introduction of mathematical method into philosophy during 17 century. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz are eminent rationalist thinker.  Rationalists are influenced with mathematical knowledge. They want clear and distinct knowledge in philosophy like mathematical knowledge.  Rationalism claims that individuals have innate ideas. Innate ideas independent from sense experience. Human minds are born with innate ideas and therefore the mind is not a blank slate at birth. Innate ideas give us fundamental truths and reality.

 Rationalism believes that knowledge is a priori. A Priori knowledge is that kind of knowledge in which knowledge is independent of all particular experiences.  Deduction is an important characteristic of rationalism. Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God through deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more premises to reach a logically certain conclusion.  Rationalist believes in intuition. Descartes refers intuition as a pre-existing knowledge gained through rational reasoning.  In rationalism universal knowledge is possible.  Rationalism is often compared with empiricism.

EMPIRICISM ➢ Empiricism is an epistemological theory that believes that knowledge comes only from our sense experience. Experience is the only source of knowledge. ➢ Empiricist believes that sense perception is the original source of knowledge, Locke explains them as ideas and he divides idea into two parts:- 1. Simple ideas 2. Complex ideas. Simple ideas are the elements of thoughts we perceive through sensation and reflection. E.g. taste, smell, colour, etc. complex ideas are formed by the mind by comparing, combining, and abstracting from simple ideas.

➢ Empiricism contrasted with rationalism. Empiricist believes that ideas are only acquired through sense experience not through innate ideas. According to Locke, ”there is nothing in our intellect that was previously not in our experience.’’ ➢ Induction is an important characteristic of empiricism. Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning in which examples and observations are used to reach on a certain conclusion. ➢ Empiricism believes in tabula rasa. Tabula rasa means the human mind is born with blank or empty state. It is set to be blank slate. It receives knowledge form our sense experience. ➢ The eminent empiricist thinkers are Locke, Barkley, and Hume.

CRITICISM In criticism, Kant attempted to reconcile rationalism and empiricism with his transcendental arguments. Rationalist begins with the concept of innate ideas, which don’t need any. This is described by Kant as a dogmatic position. ➢ Empiricist on the other hand believes that knowledge is constituted by what is perceived by sense data and reflection alone. According to Kant, empiricism ends in Hume’s skepticism. ➢ Kant argues that both dogmatism and skepticism are wrong by sticking to their original positions. According to Kant both are right in what they say but wrong in what they deny. He accepts partial validity of both empiricism and rationalism.

Kant undertook what he described as a Copernican revolution that is a complete reversible of standpoint. Thus, Kant prescribed that we have to assume that the mind lays down the conditions on the basis of which the objects can be known, i.e. while objects constitute matters of knowledge gained empirically, the form of the knowledge is dependent on categories of understanding. Thus knowledge is a product of thinking as well as perception. ➢ By knowing, he meant the application of the thinking process to percepts i.e. 𝑲𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝑻𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 × 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕. ➢ This is the basis for his famous statement,”Percepts without concepts are blind while concepts without percepts are empty.

➢ Kant shows how reason and experience both are necessary for acquiring knowledge. Understanding (reason) and sensibility (experience) are two powers of the mind equally essential for acquiring knowledge. The mind imposes its categories upon experience. Thus, Kant claims that understanding makes nature. ➢ Rationalist and empiricist hold that knowledge is either analytic or synthetic. Kant propounds the possibility of synthetic- judgment- a priori (SAJ).

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