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Introduction to Elizabethan drama

History of Elizabethan Drama

The Renaissance flowered right across Europe but had different emphases in the different European cultures – it was religion and philosophy in Germany, for example; art, architecture and sculpture in Italy. And in England, it was Elizabethan theatre drama. All through the Middle Ages English drama had been religious and didactic. When Elizabeth came to the throne most of the plays on offer to the public were Miracle Plays, presenting in crude dialogue stories from the Bible and lives of the saints, and the Moralities, which taught lessons for the guidance of life through the means of allegorical action. They were primarily dramas about God, not about people.

In Elizabethan Drama we see, stage presentations of the human experience. We see acts of great nobility by flawed heroes – a great theme of Greek tragedy – perfected by Shakespeare in such plays as Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear etc. We see human beings at their meanest level; we see psychological studies of the human character, such as the psychopathic Iago in Othello; we see the exploration of the deepest human emotions, such as love in Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra. Although most of the plays of the Elizabethan period have an underlying Christian assumption, because of the culture of the time in which they were written they are essentially humanist – in tune with the Renaissance spirit of the time. In Elizabethan drama, because it is about people rather than God, we see a lot of humour. Again, The Renaissance flowered right across Europe but had different emphases in the different European cultures – it was religion and philosophy in Germany, for example; art, architecture and sculpture in Italy. And in England, it was Elizabethan theatre drama. All through the Middle Ages English drama had been religious and didactic. When Elizabeth came to the throne most of the plays on offer to the public were Miracle Plays, presenting in crude dialogue stories from the Bible and lives of the saints, and the Moralities, which taught lessons for the guidance of life through the means of allegorical action. They were primarily dramas about God, not about people.

modelled on the Greek comedies, the humour is perfected by the likes of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson with their memorable comic characters and their satirical look at their own time, as well as light-hearted social comedies. In Shakespeare’s plays there is humour even in the darkest plays, such as the frequent ‘laugh’ lines in Hamlet. Shakespeare more or less invented a form of drama that mixed all genres, so that his tragedies contain comic elements, his comedies tragic elements, and his histories contain both. In Shakespeare’s case the winds of Renaissance gave him the freedom to reflect all aspects of human beings in his plays, and he wrote plays that have not only lasted for four hundred years but which have very rarely (if at all) been bettered during that time.

Towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign playwrights were developing new themes and techniques which led to the distinctive Jacobean theatre with its more crusty, violent plays that focused on the human being’s capacity for selfishness, dramatised in in-depth representations of ambition and its effects.

Elizabethan drama characteristics | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf

Characteristics of Elizabethan Drama Here are 5 characteristics of Elizabethan Drama: Elizabethan Society In the Elizabethan Times, Drama became the national passion with a wide variety of people from merchants to peasants vied for a place in the social order and stability in the Elizabethan. The new Elizabethan introduced a hero who was not ascertained of his fate and was full of doubts and passions that catapulted drama as the favourite pass time for many. This was the spark that ignited the passion that led to Charlotte Marlowe, Ben Jonson and Shakespeare and his famous “The Globe” in the future. This age is also known for experimentation leading to new discoveries which provided rich content for drama, poetry and prose. Use of theology, geography and science provided a new dimension to the literature of the time. However, with the crowing of James, I content became a tool for the glorification of absolute royal power. The drama of the time became an exercise for propaganda glorifying the King and the monarchy. The development of the proscenium stage was attributed to this age only. There were political considerations as well as uncontrolled large crowds encouraged immoral behaviour with the coming of Puritan age theatre was

resigned to private homes and public houses until its revival by Charles II in 1660. Elizabethan Theatre Facts Renaissance Period influenced many properties of the theatre like actors were attached to companies that performed throughout the country. They enjoyed aristocratic patronage and survived the lean winter moths easily on such appreciation. Lord Admiral’s Men which had Christopher Marlowe on the ranks were the leading company of the time with Lord Chamberlain’s Men had a budding William Shakespeare. The performances were held in open like the public courtyards, inns etc with lavish entrances behind them and windows. Spaces were craftily used to create the scenes of heaven and hell etc.

Specifically constructed theatres were still not available. The facial features, body language and more garments of an actor were cleverly manipulated to establish drama in his/her personality. There were scare props so costumes became lavish with loud and extravagant appearances. Costumes used by actors like red wig, long hooked nose gave a sense of comic chrome to the vindictive and greedy nature of man. There were many features of Elizabethan theatre that were violative of the ghost-like sanctity of godliness with Transvestism being quite popular (men dressed up as women on stage, a Biblical sin). 3 Forms of Drama The Tragedy with spectacular and violent deaths of the protagonist. Revenge became the ultimate pursuit in most tragedies with Romance as the main objective,

History Plays also ended in catastrophe or in triumph with the nation projected as the hero. Histories valorized patriotism, often of jingoistic nature. Comedy was the third form. The main aim was to make people laugh but they were not as prominent as the other two genres. With Shakespeare’s “The Comedy of Errors” and “Taming of the Shrew“, humour became farcical. The superficiality of Court comedies like “Midsummer Night’s Dream” was another highlight of the age. There were also satirical plays for the likes of Ben Jonson etc who preferred the substance over show. The tragedy became the most popular genre and was replete with violence, horror and gore.

Elizabethan Drama Themes

superstitious with people believing in the supernatural forces. Ghosts became the prime moving force in many tragedies. Comedy of Humours: Use of psychology was extensive and was founded on the theory of humours inside a human body, namely, blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Mental health was a function of the correct balance between these humours or bodily fluids like in Ben Jonson’s Every Man in His Humour, also referred to as the “comedy of humours“. Dramatic Devices Here's the Dramatic Devices used in Elizabethan Drama: Asides: Asides are brief comments spoken privately to another character or directly to the audience. They

are not heard or noticed by the rest of the characters onstage. Typically, the character turns toward the audience and delivers the aside from behind his hand, thus hiding it from the rest of the players. This technique is used often by Elizabethan dramatists as a device to let the audience in on the character's thoughts. Blank Verse: Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter, the primary form used by Elizabethan playwrights, although prose and many other forms of poetry are also found throughout their plays. Serious characters of high stature and nobility often speak in blank verse, especially when discussing important issues, while comic and lower class characters are less likely to do so.

Iambic Pentameter: Iambic pentameter is the rhythm used in Elizabethan blank verse. Each line has five two-syllable units, or "feet," with the second syllable of each unit receiving the heaviest stress. Iambic pentameter is relatively close to spoken English. For example, "She WENT to SEE a PLAY a-BOUT a KING" is a line of iambic pentameter. Insults: Name-calling was an art form during the Elizabethan Age, and this is reflected in the plays from that period. Characters often engage in "verbal dueling," hurling creative slurs at one another, hoping to get the upper hand or have the last word by delivering the best insult.

Wordplay: Elizabethans were fond of wordplay, and they especially appreciated puns, which employ different words that sound alike or the same word, which has several definitions or functions in a sentence. Rhymed Couplets: Rhymed couplets are two lines of poetry that rhyme as in "Well, I will in, and do the best I can; To match my daughter to this gentleman" from Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday. Rhymed couplets often signal the end of a scene or act. Scenery and Settings: Most Elizabethan plays were performed on a bare stage with no scenery and no sets. Therefore, to let the audience know where and when the action was taking place, playwrights would begin scenes with lines that establish place and time.

Soliloquy: A soliloquy is a speech that reveals a character's thoughts, rather like thinking aloud. The soliloquy tells the audience what is going on in a character's mind. The most famous soliloquy in all of drama is the "To be or not to be" speech from Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Violence: In most Elizabethan plays, the violent acts occur offstage. These acts are then reported onstage by one character to other characters, and thus the audience learns of action that does not need to be enacted directly. This convention allowed Elizabethan dramatists to include huge battles as part of the "action" of their plays without the theaters having to hire hundreds of actors to perform the plays.

Major dramatic Works of Elizabethan Drama

Shakespeare himself played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Hamlet is a revenge tragedy that tells the story of the melancholy Prince of Denmark, who vows to avenge his father's murder by killing his uncle, the king. The Jew of Malta: The Jew of Malta, first produced in 1592, is Christopher Marlowe's play of Machiavellian policy. Though it is described on the title page of the 1633 edition as a tragedy, it is really a dark, satirical comedy. The Shoemaker's Holiday: Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday is based upon three tales about shoemakers from Thomas Deloney's The Gentle Craft (1598). This delightful domestic comedy depicts the pleasant, simple lives of apprentices and tradesmen.

The Spanish Tragedy: Thomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy was wildly successful and propelled Kyd to fame. The story concerns a father's desire to avenge his son's death. Although this was not a new story in Elizabethan Drama, the style of The Spanish Tragedy was relatively new to London. Tamburlaine the Great: Part one of Christopher Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great was produced about 1587. The play was so successful that Marlowe immediately wrote a sequel. Both parts were published in 1590. The Woman in the Moon: The Woman in the Moon is a comedic play in blank verse written by John Lyly. When this play was written and first produced on stage is not known, but

its use of blank verse dates its composition to the early 1590s. It was published in 1597. A Woman Killed with Kindness: Thomas Heywood's A Woman Killed with Kindness was first produced in 1603. The play dealt with contemporary English life and is recognized as one of the finest examples of domestic tragedy in English drama.

Major dramatist of Elizabethan Age? | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf

1. William Shakespeare Drama - Hamlet 2. John Webster Drama - Duchess of Malfi 3. Ben Jonson Drama - Everyman in His Humour 4. Christopher Marlowe Drama - The Jew of Malta 5. Thomas Dekker

5. Thomas Dekker Drama - The Shoemaker's Holiday 6. Thomas Kyd Drama - The Spanish Tragedy Conclusion All in all, The Elizabethan Age or the Period of Renaissance in England is considered as the Golden Period. We Find Great Masters in all forms of literature.

William Shakespeare in the Field of Tragedy, Ben Johnson in the field of comedy, spenser and sidney in the field of poetry, sidney again in the field of criticism, Francis Bacon in the field of essays. It was a period of individualism, Adventure, romanticism, learning and materialism.

Questions. What was a major theme in Elizabethan tragedies? | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf

Questions. What was a major theme in Elizabethan tragedies? Elizabethan tragedy dealt with heroic themes, usually centering on a great personality who is destroyed by his own passion and ambition. The comedies often satirized the fops and gallants of society. Hamlet incorporated all revenge conventions in one way or another, which presented "Hamlet" as the model for Elizabethan drama. "Shakespeare's Hamlet is one of many heroes of the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage who finds himself grievously wronged by a powerful figure, with no recourse to the law, and with a crime against his family to avenge."

Othello (The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice) is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare The story revolves around two characters, Othello and Iago. Othello is a Moorish military commander who was serving as a general of the Venetian army in defence of Cyprus against invasion by Ottoman Turks. He has recently married Desdemona, a beautiful and wealthy Venetian lady much younger than himself, against the wishes of her father.

Iago is Othello's malevolent ensign, who maliciously stokes his master's jealousy until the usually stoic Moor kills his beloved wife in a fit of blind rage. Due to its enduring themes of passion, jealousy and race. Macbeth (The Tragedie of Macbeth) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. It is thought to have been first performed in 1606. It dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power.

Of all the plays that Shakespeare wrote during the reign of James I, Macbeth most clearly reflects his relationship with King James, patron of Shakespeare's acting company.

Questions. What is an Elizabethan tragedy?

Questions. Who created Elizabethan theatre?

The point of Hamlet isn't to make people laugh (though it does at times), but to make them think about how our decisions affect the outcome of our lives, how death is unavoidable, and so on.

Questions. What are the characteristics of Elizabethan sonnet?

4. There is imitation, often even translation of foreign models, more specially French and Italian. 5. There is often mingling of the conventional and the independent the original and imitated. 6. The English form of the sonnet is generally used after Sidney. 7. Their theme is always loved, generally for a married lady. This lady in most cases is merely the creation of the poet’s imagination.

8. They are characterised by excess of imagination. The poet is of imagination all compact, flies high on the wings of imagination and sees, “Helen’s beauty in a brow of Egypt.” 9. The best Elizabethan connect is extremely musical. It is characterized by perfection of form. But the rank and file of sonneteers are crude, clumsy, artificial and unnatural, and excite laughter than admiration

Questions. What is Elizabethan and Jacobean tragedy?

The Jacobean era was the time when James I was King of England, between 1603 and 1625. Difference between Jacobean drama and Elizabethan drama Elizabethan drama- In the beginning of the Elizabeth age the drama was in struggling into its maturity unlike the early period in which the drama was scholarly and aristocratic in authority. The dramas of the Elizabethan era were largely dependent upon the remarkable imagination of the dramatists and their great skill of great writing.

Jacobean drama- The Jacobean dramatists undertook to more realistic way of writing. They enormously enhanced the sensational level of writing within their dramatic work. Consequently the dramatic works of the Jacobean age gained the description and sequences of murder, blood, loot and many such criminal sequences became a casual part of the Jacobean dramatic writings. The Shakespeare contemporaries like Beaumont and Fletcher were amongst the prominent ones to do this in their plays.

Questions. What was the Elizabethan drama?

Questions. History of Elizabethan Drama

Artists, composers, scientists and writers looked back beyond the darkness of fourteen centuries and took their inspiration from the humanist qualities in Greco-Roman culture. The Renaissance flowered right across Europe but had different emphases in the different European cultures – it was religion and philosophy in Germany, for example; art, architecture and sculpture in Italy. And in England, it was Elizabethan theatre drama. All through the Middle Ages English drama had been religious and didactic. When Elizabeth came to the throne most of the plays on offer to the public were Miracle Plays, presenting

in crude dialogue stories from the Bible and lives of the saints, and the Moralities, which taught lessons for the guidance of life through the means of allegorical action. They were primarily dramas about God, not about people. In Elizabethan Drama we see, stage presentations of the human experience. We see acts of great nobility by flawed heroes – a great theme of Greek tragedy – perfected by Shakespeare in such plays as Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear etc. We see human beings at their meanest level; we see psychological studies of the human character, such as

the psychopathic Iago in Othello; we see the exploration of the deepest human emotions, such as love in Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra. Although most of the plays of the Elizabethan period have an underlying Christian assumption, because of the culture of the time in which they were written they are essentially humanist – in tune with the Renaissance spirit of the time. In Elizabethan drama, because it is about people rather than God, we see a lot of humour. Again, modelled on the Greek comedies, the humour is perfected by the likes of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson with their memorable comic characters and their

satirical look at their own time, as well as light-hearted social comedies. In Shakespeare’s plays there is humour even in the darkest plays, such as the frequent ‘laugh’ lines in Hamlet. Shakespeare more or less invented a form of drama that mixed all genres, so that his tragedies contain comic elements, his comedies tragic elements, and his histories contain both. In Shakespeare’s case the winds of Renaissance gave him the freedom to reflect all aspects of human beings in his plays, and he wrote plays that have not only lasted for four hundred years but which have very rarely (if at all) been bettered during that time. Towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign playwrights were developing new themes and techniques which led to the distinctive Jacobean theatre with its more crusty, violent plays that focused on the human being’s capacity for selfishness, dramatised in in-depth representations of ambition and its effects.

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Write a short note on elizabethan drama pdf download - ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf