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Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download - ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf

September 20, 2024 0
[ Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf ]


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Introduction to Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download


Table of contents - Introduction to Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download The Origin of Shakespearean Tragedy The elements (characteristics) of a Shakespearean tragedy 1. The Tragic Hero 2. Good vs. Evil 3. Hamartia 4. Tragic Waste 5. Conflict 6. Catharsis 7. Supernatural Elements 8. Absence of Poetic Justice 9. Comic Relief

Introduction to Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download The word tragedy was derived from the Greek word tragoidia, which means ‘the song of the Goat.’ It is called "the song of the goat" because in ancient Greece he theatre performers used to wear goatskin costumes to represent satyrs. Today in theatre and literature a tragedy is a work that has an unhappy ending. The ending must include the main character's downfall. A Shakespearean tragedy is a play penned by Shakespeare himself, or a play written in the style of Shakespeare by a different author. Shakespearean tragedy has got its own specific features, which distinguish it from other kinds of tragedies. It must be kept in mind that Shakespeare is

The Origin of Shakespearean Tragedy | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf


mostly indebted to Aristotle’s theory of tragedy in his works. The Origin of Shakespearean Tragedy One of the main features of Renaissance art is that it was inspired by classical art and philosophy. Greek drama was an important model for Renaissance drama after the flat, unrealistic morality plays of the medieval centuries. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, defined tragedy and asserted that it was the noblest and most serious, dignified, and important form of drama.

Many of the plays of the Renaissance resembled those Greek tragedies. In several of Shakespeare’s plays, there is a central protagonist who undergoes a harrowing experience as he is brought down from his lofty height, ending up dead. There is also a special feeling created in an observer of those Shakespeare dramas, similar to the feeling described by Aristotle as the effect of tragedy on an observer. The elements (characteristics) of a Shakespearean tragedy The elements (characteristics) of a Shakespearean tragedy are discussed below:

The elements (characteristics) of a Shakespearean tragedy | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf


1. The Tragic Hero A tragic hero is one of the most significant elements of a Shakespearean tragedy. This type of tragedy is essentially a one-man show. It is a story about one, or sometimes two, characters. The hero may be either male or female and he or she must suffer because of some flaw of character, because of inevitable fate, or both. The hero must be the most tragic personality in the play. An important feature of the tragic hero is that he or she is a towering personality in his/her state/kingdom/country. This person hails from the

elite stratum of society and holds a high position, often one of royalty. Tragic heroes are kings, princes, or military generals, who are very important to their subjects. 2. Good vs. Evil Shakespearean tragedies play out the struggle between good and evil. Most of them deal with the supremacy of evil and suppression of good. According to Edward Dowden, a 19th century noted poet and literary critic, Evil is presented in

Shakespearean tragedies in a way that suggests its existence is an indispensable and ever-enduring thing. For example, in Hamlet, the reader is given the impression that something rotten will definitely happen to Denmark (foreshadowing). Though the reader gets an inkling, typically the common people of the play are unaware of the impending evil. 3. Hamartia

Hamartia is the Greek word for “sin” or “error”, which derives from the verb hamatanein, meaning “to err” or “to miss the mark”. In other words, hamartia refers to the hero's tragic flaw. It is another absolutely critical element of a Shakespearean tragedy. Every hero falls due to some flaw in his or her character. A good example of hamartia can be seen in Hamlet when Hamlet's faltering judgment and failure to act lead him to his untimely death. He suffers from procrastination.

He finds a number of opportunities to kill his uncle, but he fails because of his indecisive and procrastinating nature. Every time, he delays taking action. In one case he finds an opportunity to kill Claudius while Claudius is praying. Still, Hamlet forgoes the excellent opportunity to achieve his goal with the excuse that he doesn’t want to kill a man while he is praying. He wants to kill Claudius when he is in the act of committing a sin. It is this perfectionism, failure to act, and uncertainty about the correct path that

ultimately result in Hamlet's death and lead Denmark into chaos. 4. Tragic Waste In Shakespearean tragedies, the hero usually dies along with his opponent. The death of a hero is not an ordinary death; it encompasses the loss of an exceptionally intellectual, honest, intelligent, noble, and virtuous person. In a tragedy, when good is destroyed along with evil, the loss is known as a "tragic waste." Shakespearean tragedy always includes a tragic waste of goodness.

Hamlet is a perfect example of tragic waste. Even though Hamlet succeeds in uprooting the evil from Denmark, he does so at the cost of his death. In this case, the good (Hamlet) gets destroyed along with evil (Claudius). Neither of them wins. Instead, they fail together. 5. Conflict There are two types of conflicts: External Conflict

External conflict plays a vital role in the tragedies of Shakespeare. External conflict causes internal conflict in the mind of the tragic hero. Every tragic hero in a Shakespearean play is confronted with external conflicts that must be addressed. Hamlet, for example, is confronted with external conflict in the shape of his uncle, Claudius. He has to take revenge, but as a result of his uncle's craftiness and effective security, Hamlet isn’t able to translate his ideas into action. This external conflict gives rise to internal conflict, which hinders Hamlet from taking any action.

Internal Conflict Internal conflict is one of the most essential elements in a Shakespearean tragedy. It refers to the confusion in the mind of the hero. Internal conflict is responsible for the hero's fall, along with fate or destiny. The tragic hero always faces a critical dilemma. Often, he cannot make a decision, which results in his ultimate failure. Again, Hamlet is a perfect example. He is usually a doer, but over the course of the play, his indecision and frequent philosophical hangups create a barrier to action.

Internal conflict is what causes Hamlet to spare the life of Claudius while he is praying. 6. Catharsis Catharsis is a remarkable feature of a Shakespearean tragedy. It refers to the cleansing of the audience's pent-up emotions. In other words, Shakespearean tragedies help the audience to feel and release emotions through the aid of tragedy.

When we watch a tragedy, we identify with the characters and take their losses personally. A Shakespearean tragedy gives us an opportunity to feel pity for a certain character and fear for another, almost as if we are playing the roles ourselves. The hero's hardships compel us to empathize with him. The villain's cruel deeds cause us to feel wrath toward him. Tears flow freely when a hero like Hamlet dies. At the same time we feel both sorry for Hamlet and happy that Claudius has received his proper punishment. 7. Supernatural Elements

Supernatural elements are another key aspect of a Shakespearean tragedy. They play an import role in creating an atmosphere of awe, wonder, and sometimes fear. Supernatural elements are typically used to advance the story and drive the plot. The ghost Hamlet sees plays an important role in stirring up internal conflict. It is the ghost who tells Hamlet his father was killed by his uncle Claudius and assigns him the duty of taking revenge.

Similarly, the witches in Macbeth play a significant role in the plot. These witches are responsible for motivating Macbeth to resort to murder in order to ascend the throne of Scotland. 8. Absence of Poetic Justice Poetic Justice means good is rewarded and evil is punished; it refers to a situation in which everything comes to a fitting and just end. There is no poetic justice in the tragedies of Shakespeare, rather, these plays contain only partial justice.

Shakespeare understood that poetic justice rarely occurs outside of fiction. Good deeds often go without reward and immoral. 9. Comic Relief Comic relief is our final key element. Shakespeare didn’t follow in the footsteps of his classical predecessors when writing tragedies. Greek and Roman writers didn’t use comic relief. But Shakespeare wanted to relieve the tension for the reader and lighten up the mood here and there.

A few examples of comic relief scenes include the grave digger scene in Hamlet, the drunken port scene in Macbeth, the fool in King Lear etc. Shakespeare’s tragedies: Titus Andronicus (1594) Romeo and Juliet (1596) Julius Caesar (1599) Hamlet ( 1600) Othello (1604) Timon of Athens (1607) King Lear (1606) Macbeth ( 1606)

Antony and Cleopatra (1607) Death in Shakespeare Tragedies Stabbings, beheadings, poisonings, drownings, snakebites, hanging, cannabalism and more – collection of gruesome deaths there were in Shakespeare’s tragedies! Conclusion

Conclusion for Shakespearean tragedy notes pdf download

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