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A note on the Word formation processes pdf download - ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf

September 03, 2024 0

[ A note on the Word formation processes pdf download | ppup part 1 english honours notes and study material pdf ]


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    Introduction to word formation processes pdf download 


    Table of contents - Definition of Word Formation Process Definition of Morpheme Types of Core Word Formation Processes 3 Inflection 3 Derivation Major Word Formation Process 1. Affixation 2. Conversion 3. Back-formation 4. Clipping 5. Compounding 6. Borrowing 7. Coinage 8. Blending 9. Acronyms 10. Re-duplication Questions. What is a word in English grammar?

    Definition of Word Formation Process Word Formation Process (also called Word Formation Process) is a means by which new words are produced either by modification of existing words or by complete innovation, which in turn become a part of the language. Definition of Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammar unit of a language that cannot be divided without changing its actual meaning. In contrast to the free morpheme, a bound morpheme doesn’t have any independent meaning, and it needs the help of a free morpheme to form a new word.

    Types of word formation processes



    Types of Core Word Formation Processes The Two core processes of word formation are : 1. Inflection (also called Inflexion) 2. Derivation Difference Between Inflection (also called Inflexion) and derivation

    Inflection Inflection Produces grammatical variants of the same word. It Modifies a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. It Does not change the meaning of a word. For example: determine→ determines, determining, determined. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Derivation Derivation Produces a new word on the basis of an existing word. It Changes the parts of speech and also Modifies the meaning of the root. For example: modern → modernize (to make modern).

    Major Word Formation Process The major word formation processes include: 1. Affixation It is a word formation process in which an affix is attached to a root to form a new word. A root is a free morpheme that can appear alone. On the other hand, an Affix is a bound morpheme which never occurs by itself, but is always attached to some free morpheme and can be either inflectional or derivational.

    An Inflectional affix modifies the form/grammatical category of a word, i.e., tense, person, number, gender, case, etc. For example: rat → rats. On the Other Hand, a derivational affix modifies the parts of speech of the root, while leaving the grammatical category unchanged. In this way, there is a change of meaning of the root. For example: write → writer. In English there are two types of affixations: Prefixation: In this Word Formation process words are formed by adding an affix to the front of a root. The type of affix used in this process is referred to as prefix. For example: un + tidy → untidy

    Prefix Modified co co-exist de degrade extra extracurricular non nonfat tele telephone up upgrade cross cross-examination ex ex-business partner self self-care

    Suffixation: In this Word Formation process words are formed by adding an affix to the end of a root. The type of affix used in this process is referred to as suffix. For example: fear + less → fearless suffix Modified dom freedom ent dependent ible incomprehensible ify satisfy ious studious tion abbreviation ure failure

    2. Conversion In this word formation process Part of speech of a word is changed without adding an Affix. Conversion is also called zero derivation or null derivation because the functional change is Brought about by Supplementing an Invisible Affix. Sometimes it is also called functional shift. Typically conversion is made from “noun to verb” and from “verb to noun”. Less frequently, conversion is also done from “adjective to verb” and “adjective to noun”. For instance: Noun Verb

    Access – to access Google – to google Email – to email Name – to name Host – to host Verb To Noun To hope Hope To cover Cover To increase Increase To attack Attack Adjective to Verb: brown black

    slow Adjective to Noun: crazy nasty 3. Back-formation Back-formation is a Type of Word formation process in which a new word is created by extracting affixes from another word. In this way, it is the reverse of affixation, in which affixes are added.

    3. Back-formation Back-formation is a Type of Word formation process in which a new word is created by extracting affixes from another word. In this way, it is the reverse of affixation, in which affixes are added. Back-formation is also different from clipping since it brings a change in the parts of speech or the word's meaning. For example: the noun “insertion” has been back-formed into verb “insert” by removing the suffix -ion. Examples :- Source Word Back Formation Word Abduction Abduct Addiction/Addicted Addict Absorption Absorb Advisory Advisor Aggression Aggress

    Aviation Aviate Bulldozer Bulldoze Translation Translate Haze Hazy Snow Snowy Injury Injure Resurrection Resurrect Scavenger Scavenge Destruction Destroy Surveillance Survey

    4. Clipping clipping is a type of word formation process in which the original word is converted into a shorter form. Different from back-formation, clipping does not change the original word meaning. For instance: lab is the clipped form of laboratory. There are four types of clippings: Back clipping: (also called final clipping; apocope) It is a word formation process which involves Trimming of the end of a word to Produce a new word as in ad from advertisement.

    Examples of Back Clipping- ad from advertisement cable from cablegram doc from doctor exam from examination fax from facsimile gas from gasoline gym from gymnastics, gymnasium memo from memorandum pub from public house pop from popular music

    Fore-clipping: (also called initial clipping; apheresis) It is a word formation process which involves removal of the beginning of a word as in phone from telephone. Examples of Fore Clipping- chute From parachute coon From raccoon gator From alligator phone From telephone Middle clipping: (also known as medial clipping; syncope) ) It is a word formation process which

    involves extraction of the beginning and end of a word as in flu from influenza. Examples of Middle Clipping- flu From influenza fridge From refrigerator Complex clipping: It is a word formation process which involves removing multiple parts from multiple words as in cablegram from cabletelegram. Examples of Complex clipping-

    cablegram= cable telegram op art = optical art org-man= organization man linocut = linoleum cut navicert = navigation certificate 5. Compounding It is a word formation process in which two or more than two words are combined together to form a single word, having a single idea and function. It is also called composition. In English, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives, and compound verbs.

    There are 3 Types of Compound Words: 1. Closed compound words Closed Compound Words are formed when two fully independent, unique words are combined to form a new word. For example, you would combine “grand” and “mother” to create the closed-form word “grandmother”. In a sentence, this would look like, “My grandmother is coming over.” These are the most common types of Closed compound words. For Example,

    bullfrog snowball mailbox grandmother railroad sometimes inside upstream basketball anybody outside cannot

    skateboard everything schoolhouse grasshopper sunflower moonlight 2. Open Compound Word Open compound words are formed when two words remain separate on the page but are used together to create a new idea with a specific meaning.

    For example, “attorney” and “general” are used to form the open compound word “attorney general”. You could see this in the sentence, “The attorney general holds the power in legal matters.” Other examples of open compounds include: peanut butter Boy Scouts no one ice cream real estate high school living room

    sweet tooth hot dog grand jury post office full moon half sister cave in 3. Hyphenated Compound Word Hyphenated compound words are formed when two separate words are joined together by a hyphen. Examples of hyphenated compound words include:

    two-fold check-in merry-go-round father-in-law seventy-two long-term up-to-date mother-in-law one-half over-the-counter Note that hyphenated compound words are most commonly used when the words being joined

    together are combined to form an adjective before a noun. There are no specific rules for hyphenated compounds. Generally, some new and original compound nouns are hyphenated, but the hyphen is ignored when they become more familiar. However, there are some compound adjectives that are always hyphenated. For instance: state-of-the-art. The hyphen is often retained when two vowels come together, such as: Co- operation.

    Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things, for example: 10-year-old. The general rule is that words are combined with hyphens to avoid confusion. For example: forty-acre farm full-time worker on-campus housing state-of-the-art features family-run busines

    However, these hyphenated compound words become open compounds when they are placed after the word they describe. For example: The farm has forty acres. The worker is full time. The housing is all on campus for freshman Its features are truly state of the art. The business is still family run. 6. Borrowing

    Borrowing is a word formation process which involves words adoption from other languages. There are two types of borrowings: Loan-word: In this process, a word is borrowed from another language without translating it into the target language. For example: Tour-de-force - This Phrase is Borrowed from French, which means a masterly or brilliant feat. They/their – This Pronoun comes from Old Norse word “Peir”.

    Person – This comes from the Latin “persona”. It was adopted by the French language and then eventually made its way into English. Very – This adjective comes from the Old French word “verai”, which means “true”. Dollar – This word comes from Czech through Dutch. Its roots are connected to the origins of the mint itself: a factory where coins and currency is produced. War – This comes from the Old French word “werre”.

    Leg and Skin – Both words come from Old Norse and replaced “shank” and “hide” upon their arrival. Although the words still exist in English, they are used only for animals once slaughtered. Slaughter – This comes from the Old Norse word “slatr”. Skipper – This comes from the Dutch word “schipper”. Many of our nautical terms are derived from Dutch due to the trade links that existed. Court – In French, this means the king’s residence and was often the place to which someone was called in order to respond to accusations.

    Zero – This word comes from Arabic. In fact, many of our words related to numeracy, mathematics and trade can be traced back to Arabic. Loan - translation: Also known as calque, a word formation process where a word or phrase from another language is borrowed by literally translating it into the target language. For example: the phrase 'point of view' has been translated into English from the French phrase "point de vue".

    Other Examples: superman from übermensch hang glider from Hängegleiter flamethrower from Flammenwerfer gummy bear from the product name Gummibärchen (little gummy bear) loanword from Lehnwort Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) from Intelligenzquotient Rainforest from Regenwald Watershed from Wasserscheide World war from Weltkrieg

    7. Coinage Coinage, also known as invention, is a word formation process by which new words are invented. Sometimes popular trademark names of various products are adopted by people so extensively that they ultimately become the everyday words of language. For example: Heroin Aspirin Escalator Xerox Kerosene

    Nylon Band-Aid Vaseline Margarine Videotape Again, some words are being invented due to rapid cultural changes and the spread of information technology, mass media, internet, etc. For example: Google Blog Hotspot Netbook

    Tablet Tweet Emoticon Smartphone 8. Blending Blending (also called portmanteau) is a word formation process in which the parts of two or more words are combined together to form a new word. Usually, the Blended Words consist of the beginning of one word and the end of the other word(s). Typically, the meaning of the blended word Resonate with the meanings of the original words.

    For example: Root word 1 Root word 2 Blended word biography Picture biopic breath Analyser Breathalyzer clap Crash clash electricity Execute electrocute emotion Icon emoticon friend Enemy frenemy information Entertainment infotainment situation Comedy sitcom sports Broadcast sportscast work Alcoholic workaholic Breakfast Lunch Brunch However, blending should not be confused with compounding, which combines two words without Trimming the parts of the roots of the blended words.

    9. Acronyms Acronym is a Word Formation Process in which words are formed with the initial letters or each of the major parts of a word or a longer phrase. With a few exceptions, acronyms are usually capitalized. Some linguists confuse acronyms with initialisms, which are also abbreviations formed in the similar way as the Acronyms. But There is certain Difference between the Two. In language, an acronym is pronounced as a single word rather than just a sequence of individual letters, which is the characteristic of initialisms. For example: Acronyms:

    Acronyms: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization → UNESCO Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation → Laser International Criminal Police Organization → Interpol As Soon As Possible →ASAP Personal Identification Number→PIN Radio Detection and Ranging →RADAR National Aeronautics and Space Administration→NASA The North Atlantic Treaty Organization→NATO President Of The United States→POTUS

    Special Weapons and Tactics→SWAT Initialisms: Personal Computer → PC Asian Development Bank → ADB Liquid Crystal Display → LCD Digital Versatile Disc→DVD Compact Disc→CD Automated (or Automatic) Teller Machine→ATM Be Right Back→BRB Not Much Here, You?→NMHU Got To Go→GTG/G2G

    Just Wondering→JW Just Kidding→JK Okay, "orl korrekt", misspelling of "all correct"→OK 10. Re-duplication Re-duplication (also called cloning; doubling; duplication; repetition; tautonym) is a word formation process in which a new word is created by repeating all or part of a root or a stem, often with a change of vowel or initial consonant. Reduplication is not a major word Formation process in English, but it is perhaps the most unusual one. Based on their usage, the techniques of reduplication could be classified in the following manner:

    Repetition without Change: bye-bye, tick-tick Rhyming Reduplication: ding-dong, super-duper, bow-wow Repetition with Change of Vowel: tiptop, chitchat, flip-flop, ping-pong, dilly-dally, wishy-washy Repetition with Change of Initial Consonant: teeny-weeny =============================

    Questions. What is a word in English grammar? Ans. - A word is a single unit of language. There are four main word classes : verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

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